Using an optical-based quantum computer, a research team led by physicist Paul Kwiat has presented the first demonstration of “counterfactual computation,” inferring information about an answer, even though the computer did not run. The researchers report their work in the Feb. 23 issue of the journal Nature.
I can't pretend to understand everything that they've developed (even the people developing these things admit that they're often confused by their work) But it's quite fascinating. The acricle in Nature is only availible to subscribers, but there's plenty of information on the UIUC website.
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